ABSTRACT
Background: COVID-19 pandemic, results in a great number of critically ill patients requiring long-lasting periods of invasive mechanical ventilatory support;tracheostomy is considered during their hospital stay, to free patients from ventilatory support and optimize the resources, we developed a safe in bed hybrid tracheostomy procedure to avoid the operating room and minimize SARS-CoV2 transmission due to aerosols exposure. Method(s): We developed this protocol using PDCA (Plan, Do, Check, Act) in order to perform a safe in bed hybrid tracheostomy: percutaneous tracheostomy + flexible bronchoscopy. We used the Ciaglia Blue Rhino technique and flexible bronchoscopy. We analyzed: Gender, age, body mass index, intubation days, ventilatory parameters, procedure time, apnea time, oxygen saturation, complications and patient clinical evolution. Statistical evaluation: Fisher test, U Mann-Whitney, T test, logistic regression and Kaplan-Meier curves. Result(s): From march 2020 to February 2021, 292 patients underwent hybrid tracheostomy;Tracheostomy was successfully completed in all patients: 211 men (72.2%);81 women (27.8%), age 58.5 years old, intubation days before tracheostomy 23 days (19 to 28 days), 133 patients (45.5%) deaths due to COVID19 complications. Procedure time 6 to 14 minutes (mean 9 minutes), apnea time 147 to 360 seconds (mean 240 seconds), O2 saturation 66%-96% (mean 87%), PaO2/fiO2 106-194 (mean 142), SOFA 4-6 (mean 5). No complications due to the trachesotomy. Conclusion(s): In bed hybrid tracheostomy procedure implementation with the PDCA cycles is safe, with good results, zero procedure complications and a good and rapid learning curve.
ABSTRACT
Introduction: The interest of respiratory physiotherapy maneuvers during a difficult fibroscopy in the intubated patient, sedated in a context of Covid-19 has not been reported so far. Case presentation: A 50-years-old patient with a severe form of Covid-19, requiring an endotracheal intubation, complicated by a ventilator-associated pneumonia and a complete atelectasis of the left lung. Because of adherent and purulent mucus, chest physiotherapy techniques and fiberoptic bronchoscopy conducted separately showed low effectiveness to remove the atelectasis. Chest physiotherapy manual techniques used during fiberoptic bronchoscopy allowed extracting easier the mucus;they helped to remove the atelectasis and to improve the hematosis as well as the prognosis for survival of the patient. Conclusion(s): Manual maneuvers of respiratory physiotherapy during the fibroscopy procedure could improve the efficiency of aspiration of very adherent secretions. Level of Evidence: 5.Copyright © 2022 Elsevier Masson SAS
ABSTRACT
The development of single use flexible bronchoscopes (SUFB) has proceeded with pace over the last 2 years. Concerns regarding infection related to standard bronchoscopes with subsequent COVID-19 pandemic accelerated global uptake with multiple companies releasing SUFB. There has been no ex-vivo comparison of SUFBs to date. We obtained samples of all commercially available SUFBs (TSC© , Boston Scientific©, Ambu©, Vathin© and Pentax © prototype SUFB). We compared technical metrics using a custom-built bench toolkit engineered to allow standardisation. Angulation was analysed by a force meter to ascertain the effort needed to fully flex the scopes while empty and while accessed by both a forceps and cytology brush. The Ambu aScope 4 has the best performance in measured thumb force (Mean 4.15Nm/100 ). The Pentax EB15- S01 has the smallest outer diameter and the largest working channel but has the greatest loss in angulation when its working channel is occupied (-33 / -67 , -100 ). The Pentax EB15-S01 deviated the most from its reported specifications. The Vathin H-SteriScope provided the most angulation overall, including with its working channel in use (180 / 186 , 366 ). This research helps to inform the practical usability of each bronchoscope when deciding which SUFB is best for the physicians intended end use. Further research should look at perceived qualitative assessment of SUFB by clinicians.
ABSTRACT
The Covid-19 pandemic has resulted in reconsideration of our traditional teaching modalities and develop newer, dynamic methods. Both high and low fidelity simulators in bronchoscopy are costly. To assess whether a combination of a low-cost bio-simulator made of recyclable materials (ALFIE Airway Low Fidelity including EBUS (endobronchial ultrasound)) and single use flexible bronchoscopy (SUFB) or EBUS scope has the capability of differentiating novices from experts and the ability to train novices in bronchoscopy. Trainees were evaluated individually before and after training using a modified validated Bronchoscopy Skills and Tasks Assessment Tool (B-STAT) and SUFB. In a similar fashion, another cohort were tested using an EBUS scope and a modified validated EBUS score (EBUS-STAT). 18 trainees were included (14 residents and 4 fellows) in the ALFIE -SUFB assessment and 19 (11 residents and 8 fellows) in ALFIE -EBUS assessment. Pre-training assessment of scope handling differentiated novices from experienced bronchoscopists (SUFB p=0.0025 (95% confidence intervals (CI) 3.12-12.17);EBUS p=0.0005 (95% confidence intervals 1.3-2.95)). Training of novices was associated with an improvement in scope handling and sampling (SUFB p=0.0001 (95% CI 4.73-10.27);EBUS p=0.0011 (95% confidence intervals 0.41-1.22)). Significant improvements in EBUS-TBNA score (p=0.0011 (n=7, 95% confidence intervals 0.35-5.09)) and total EBUS score (p=0.0472 (95% confidence intervals 0.03-1.4.65)) were identified in fellows. ALFIE and EBUS combination could assist in low cost training of EBUS-TBNA. ALFIE and SUFB has the potential to create a low-cost platform to teach bronchoscopy remotely.
ABSTRACT
Flexible bronchoscopy is an indispensable diagnostic and therapeutic tool in respiratory critical care. In a critically ill hypoxemic patient, bronchoscopy is challenging due to interference with ventilation and oxygenation. During repeated disconnections, there is a risk of worsening gas exchange, cardiac arrythmias, hemodynamic instability and increased aerosol generation. As with COVID pandemic, prevention of transmission of infection in healthcare setting is important. This equally holds true for other airborne infections. We propose the use of a novel accessory - closed bronchoscopy device during bronchoscopy in ventilated patients, to reduce the procedure related risk to patient and health care workers. The bronchoscopy valve and sheath in close connection helps to prevent loss of volume, minimize disconnections and desaturation, prevent direct handling of soiled bronchoscope and reduces aerosol generation. This in turn reduces risk of introducing new infection in an airway during the procedure. Overall improved procedure safety, reduced time required without much handling difficulties. This requires scope-valve fit test. The disadvantage during therapeutic bronchoscopy where disconnections are necessary to clear blocked channels or remove large plugs can be managed at the valve level as shown in figure 1. This novel device will prove useful for reducing complications during flexible bronchoscopy in a critically ill.
ABSTRACT
Background: 49 patients underwent Lung Biopsy due to different indications and Post-COVID Pulmonary Fibrosis(PCPF) was suspected in 25 patients. Objective(s): To document the evidence of PCPF in patients with history of suspected COVID 19 infection (in past oneyear) through Transbronchial Lung Biopsy(TBLB)with flexible bronchoscopy. PFT and HRCT gave variedpresentation. Method(s): we have evaluated patients who underwent Lung Biopsy on flexible Bronchoscopy between 08/07/2021 till31/01/2022 at Metro Hospitals and Heath Institute, Meerut, UP, India. The history of exposure to COVID 19 infectionwas taken. Most of these patients underwent Echocardiography (ECHO) for Left Ventricular Ejection Fraction (LVEF)and Pulmonary Artery Pressure (PAH), Pulmonary Function Test (PFT) and High Resolution CT Scan Chest (HRCTChest). Result(s): 49 patients underwent Lung Biopsy. 25 patients gave the history of exposure to COVID 19 infection with complaint of breathlessness and chest discomfort in the last 1 year. HRCT chest was suggestive of Atelectasis in 3 patients, Interstitial Lung Disease (ILD) in 6, Fibrosis in 8, Pulmonary Nodules in 4 and HRCT was not done in 4 patients. PFT showed Mixed Ventilator Defect in 8, Obstructive in 3, Restrictive in 7, small airway disease in 1 and 6 patients couldn't perform PFT. PAH was normal for 6,mild for 16, moderate for 2 and 1 severe. 4 patients had Coronary Artery Disease. 2 patients had major complications like pneumothorax who underwent TBLB. Conclusion(s): PCPF was detected with the help of TBLB in the patients with history of exposure to COVID 19 infection. However, TBLB may cause major complication like pneumothorax seen in 8% cases.
ABSTRACT
The development of single use flexible bronchoscopes (SUFBs) has accelerated in recent years, with the reduced risk of infectious transmission and reduced need for endoscopy staff particularly advantageous in the COVID-19 era. Despite complex cleaning systems for reusable flexible bronchoscopes (RFBs), disinfection is often inadequate with the consequent risk of cross infection. We trialled the routine use of The Surgical Company Bronchoflex © SUFB in a tertiary bronchoscopy service. 139 procedures were performed by five consultants from January to July 2021, with the main indications being infection (45%) and malignancy (32%). Most were performed in the endoscopy suite;eight procedures took place in the Intensive Care Unit, six at ward level and three in theatre as an adjunct to rigid bronchoscopy. SUFBs were used across a range of procedures including bronchoalveolar lavage, brushings, endobronchial biopsy, transbronchial needle aspiration, argon plasma coagulation, cryobiopsy and stent placement. 85% of procedures had no complications related to the use of a SUFB with a user satisfaction score of above 4/5 in 89% of cases (Figure 1). Issues with image quality (6%) or suction (5%) meant the reversion to reusable bronchoscope in some cases. Overall, the use of SUFBs has significant benefits in patient care with the ability to use the SUFB across a range of indications and procedures with high user satisfaction.
ABSTRACT
Case Report: Most common causes of shortness of breath are asthma, COPD, CHF, pulmonary embolism, diffuse lung parenchymal diseases and obesity hypoventilation syndrome. Rare conditions can be bronchiectasis, constrictive pericarditis, kyphoscoliosis, tracheomalacia, cardiomyopathies and so on. We present a rare case of tracheal stenosis presenting with repeated hospital admissions followed by intubations and resolution after spontaneous expectoration. A 52-year-old female with a history of end stage renal disease on hemodialysis, resistant hypertension, and COVID pneumonia on supplemental oxygen, presented with dyspnea associated with yellowish productive sputum for one day. She was admitted one week prior due to the same complaint associated with encephalopathy due to hypercapnia, required endotracheal intubation, got extubated four days later, was provisionally diagnosed with asthma and volume overload, and discharged home. During the admission of interest, the patient's examwas normal except severe hypertension with BP of 192/101, bilateral crackles and rhonchi. Arterial blood gasses (ABGs) again showed hypercapnia. CT thorax showed evidence of left lower lobe pulmonary infiltrate and ground-glass opacities. Due to repeated admissions for hypercapnic respiratory failure, suspicion for persistent anatomic or pathologic abnormality was high. Reexamination of CT thorax suggested subglottic stenosis and she underwent fiberoptic laryngoscopy which revealed grade 3 subglottic stenosis. On day three, she became hypoxic and unresponsive, ABGs revealed PCO2 of 150, and got intubated again. Soon after intubation, the patient had spontaneous expectoration of a large piece of firm, fleshy, blood-tinged, thick, luminal tissue. On the histologic examination, the material was found to be a plug of fibrin with small to moderate numbers of inflammatory cells embedded in the matrix. Follow-up CT neck and chest revealed resolution of previously visualized tracheal stenosis. She underwent repeat direct laryngoscopy and flexible bronchoscopy which did not show any tracheal stenosis. The patient remained hemodynamically stable and was discharged home. Tracheal stenosis is challenging to diagnose. Examples of tracheal stenosis due to pseudomembrane formation are rare in medical literature, and the expectoration of fibrin material after intubation in a person with this condition is even rarer. A similar case has been described before with an identical situation of coughing up soft tissue and comparable histopathology report. Our case highlights the importance of critical analysis for broad differentials, adding up pieces of the puzzle to explain the missing link. This patient came with recurrent episodes of dyspnea that were misdiagnosed as volume overload, pneumonia, and asthma exacerbations. CT chest findings of possible subglottic stenosis were the missing link in this case which steered further work-up and led to the final diagnosis. Copyright © 2023 Southern Society for Clinical Investigation.
ABSTRACT
Thoracic surgery has increased drastically in recent years, especially in light of the severe outbreak of the 2019 novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19). Routine "passive" chest computed tomography (CT) screening of inpatients detects some pulmonary diseases requiring thoracic surgeries timely. As an essential device for thoracic anesthesia, the double-lumen tube (DLT) is particularly important for anesthesia and surgery. With the continuous upgrading of the DLTs and the widespread use of fiberoptic bronchoscopy (FOB), the position of DLT in thoracic surgery is gradually becoming more stable and easier to observe or adjust. However, DLT malposition still occurs during transferring patients from a supine to the lateral position in thoracic surgery, which leads to lung isolation failure and hypoxemia during one-lung ventilation (OLV). Recently, some innovative DLTs or improved intervention methods have shown good results in reducing the incidence of DLT malposition. This review aims to summarize the recent studies of the incidence of left-sided DLT malposition, the reasons and effects of malposition, and summarize current methods for reducing DLT malposition and prospects for possible approaches. Meanwhile, we use bibliometric analysis to summarize the research trends and hot spots of the DLT research.
ABSTRACT
SESSION TITLE: Lung Transplantation: New Issues in 2022 SESSION TYPE: Rapid Fire Original Inv PRESENTED ON: 10/19/2022 11:15 am - 12:15 pm PURPOSE: Donor-derived cell-free DNA (dd-cfDNA) is a promising plasma analyte for surveillance of rejection and lung transplant (LT) injury. Herein we report our preliminary real-world experiences in concert with standard of practice (SOP) assessments. METHODS: We performed a prospective, cross-sectional, cohort study of a clinically available dd-cfDNA test (the Prospera™ test, Natera, Inc.) combined with SOP clinical assessments − spirometry, fiberoptic bronchoscopy (FOB), donor-specific HLA antibodies (DSA). Single LT dd-cfDNA results were corrected (2X) for lung mass before analysis. Clinical-pathologic cohorts were assigned based on ISHLT guidelines for acute cellular rejection (ACR), uncomplicated chronic lung allograft dysfunction (U-CLAD), and either CoVid-19 or Non-CoVid-19 allograft infection. We also compared median dd-cfDNA fractions between patients experiencing allograft dysfunction (AD) (defined by ΔFEV1≥ -10%) vs stability (STA) and stratified by DSA status. Groups were analyzed by Mann-Whitney (p<0.05) and data expressed as median with 25-75% interquartile range (IQR). RESULTS: A total of 54 plasma samples from 42 unique LT recipients (Single=6, Double=36) were collected at Spectrum Health between November 2021 and February 2022. Primary diagnoses included chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (n=7), interstitial lung disease (n=31), CoVid-19 related ARDS (n=2), CF (n=1) and PAH (n=1). Matching histopathology was available for 68% of dd-cfDNA samples. dd-cfDNA fraction trended 2-fold higher in patient with ACR (1.59%, IQR: 0.09-3.57;n=3) and U-CLAD (1.88%, IQR: 0.88-3.32;n=4) than STA (0.86%, IQR: 0.21-1.62;n=14) patients. Patients with CoVid-19 had significantly higher dd-cfDNA fraction (6.91%, IQR: 2.41-9.77;n=4) than both STA (p=0.035) and NON-CoVid-19 infection cohorts (p=0.049). Although no antibody-mediated rejection (AMR) events were observed, dd-cfDNA fraction was significantly elevated in DSA(+) patients (2.75%, IQR: 1.72-6.25;n=8, class I (4) and II (4)) vs DSA(-) (1.035%, 0.04-1.64;n=46) cohorts (p=0.011). A trend was noted with elevated dd-cfDNA with AD (1.58%, IQR: 0.74-3.62;n=17) vs AS (1.05%, 0.66-1.79;n=37) (p=0.29). CONCLUSIONS: Our preliminary experience is consistent with prior studies, suggesting elevated dd-cfDNA fraction during LT allograft rejection and specific types of infection, in particular, CoVid-19. Of interest, dd-cfDNA detected potential occult molecular injury associated with anti-HLA DSA. CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS: dd-cfDNA fraction assessment after LT represents a valuable clinical tool for clinical surveillance of organ transplant health. DISCLOSURES: Employee relationship with Veracyte, Inc Please note: 2 years by Sangeeta Bhorade, value=Salary Removed 04/03/2022 by Sangeeta Bhorade Employee relationship with Natera Inc Please note: 2/22/22- present Added 04/03/2022 by Sangeeta Bhorade, value=Salary Employee relationship with Natera Please note: 05/2021-present Added 04/04/2022 by Kathryn Crabtree, value=Salary research relationship with United Therapeutics Please note: 2016- ongoing by Reda Girgis, value=Grant/Research research relationship with Pfizer Please note: 2014-2020 by Reda Girgis, value=Grant/Research Speaker/Speaker's Bureau relationship with Boehringher Ingelheim Please note: 2016-ongoing by Reda Girgis, value=Honoraria Speaker/Speaker's Bureau relationship with Genentech Please note: 2016-ongoing by Reda Girgis, value=Honoraria no disclosure on file for Cameron Lawson;No relevant relationships by Edward Murphy Employee relationship with Natera, Inc. Please note: 2020- present by David Ross, value=Salary
ABSTRACT
SESSION TITLE: Systemic Diseases with Deceptive Pulmonary Manifestations SESSION TYPE: Rapid Fire Case Reports PRESENTED ON: 10/18/2022 12:25 pm - 01:25 pm INTRODUCTION: Amyloidosis of the respiratory tract is rare. We present a case of tracheobronchial amyloid presenting as multifactorial cough with syncope. CASE PRESENTATION: The patient is a 65-year-old man with history of hypertension, hyperlipidemia, and allergic rhinitis who presented to the ED after a syncopal event. Two weeks prior, he had a new-onset myalgias and severe persistent cough, not resolving with over-the-counter medications. During a coughing paroxysm, he experienced a brief loss of consciousness. On arrival, his vital signs and physical exam were within normal limits except for Mallampati II, BM of 38.8 kg/m2. Basic laboratory testing was also unremarkable except for troponin T of 251 nl/dL and NT-ProBNP of 1181 pg/mL. NP swab for Sars-CoV-19 (PCR), Influenza A and B were not detected. CT of the chest revealed an area of circumferential mural soft tissue thickening in the left lower lobe bronchi. Cardiac MRI showed an area of subepicardial delayed enhancement, suggestive of myocardial inflammation or edema. Flexible bronchoscopy confirmed that the left lower lobe bronchus and proximal subsegmental bronchi had an infiltrative process with a friable, erythematous irregular mucosal surface. Forceps biopsy sampling and staining with Congo red, sulfate Alcian blue and Trichome stain were positive for amyloid deposits. Immunostain revealed predominantly CD3 positive T-Cells. Mass spectometry showed AL (lamda)-type amyloid deposition. GMS and AFB stains were negative. Telemetry showed 2-3 second pauses, correlated with episodes of cough. DISCUSSION: Amyloidosis is a disorder caused by misfolding of proteins and fibril accumulation in the extracellular space. It can present as a diffuse or localized process to one organ system. Several patterns of lung involvement have been described: nodular pulmonary, diffuse alveolar-septal, cystic, pleural, and tracheobronchial amyloidosis. Tracheobronchial amyloidosis is usually limited and not associated with systemic disease or hematologic malignancy. It can be asymptomatic, or can present with cough, dyspnea or signs of obstruction, including postobstructive pneumonia. Congo Red stained samples reveal green birefringence under polarized light microscopy. Further analysis of proteins usually reveals localized immunoglobulin light chains (AL). Cough syncope is due to increased intrathoracic pressure, decreased venous return and cardiac output, stimulation of baroreceptors, decreased chronotropic response, arterial hypotension and decreased cerebral perfusion. Our patient presented with multifactorial cough (possible viral infection, upper airway cough syndrome, amyloidosis) causing sinus pauses and syncope, on underlying myocarditis. CONCLUSIONS: Amyloid infiltration of the respiratory system is rare, but it should be considered in the differential diagnosis of airway disorders, nodular or cystic lung diseases, and pleural processes. Reference #1: Milani P, Basset M, Russo F, et al. The lung in amyloidosis. Eur Respir Rev 2017;26: 170046 [https://doi.org/10.1183/16000617.0046-2017]. Reference #2: Utz JP, Swensen SJ, Gertz MA. Pulmonary amyloidosis. The Mayo Clinic experience from 1980 to 1993. Ann Intern Med. 1996 Feb 15;124(4):407-13. doi: 10.7326/0003-4819-124-4-199602150-00004 Reference #3: Dicpinigaitis PV, Lim L, Farmakidis C. Cough syncope. Respir Med. 2014 Feb;108(2):244-51. doi: 10.1016/j.rmed.2013.10.020. Epub 2013 Nov 5. PMID: 24238768. DISCLOSURES: No relevant relationships by Amarilys Alarcon-Calderon No relevant relationships by Ashokakumar Patel
ABSTRACT
SESSION TITLE: Pulmonary Procedures: Creativity and Complications SESSION TYPE: Rapid Fire Case Reports PRESENTED ON: 10/18/2022 10:15 am - 11:10 am INTRODUCTION: Recent advances in the management of airway disorders have provided additional therapeutic options for pathology, such as central airway obstruction (CAO). Symptomatic CAO has been managed by bronchoscopic interventions with a high risk of airway compromise and respiratory failure. Other alternatives such as mechanical and jet ventilation may not ensure adequate respiratory support during the procedure and cause delays in life-saving treatments. Venovenous extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (VV ECMO) has been used as an adjunct to preserve safety during these airway interventions [1,2]. We present a case of complete tracheal occlusion successfully intervened using VV ECMO support. CASE PRESENTATION: The patient is a 55-year-old male with a history of ventilator-dependent respiratory failure s/p tracheostomy, secondary to post COVID-19 fibrosis, who presented from a long-term acute care facility with worsening hypoxemia. The patient was transferred to the intensive care unit, where he underwent flexible bronchoscopy via the tracheostomy lumen, which did not reveal a patent airway. Orotracheal intubation was unsuccessful as there was complete occlusion of the airway below the vocal cords with abundant granulation tissue. Interventional pulmonology was consulted, and emergent recanalization of the airway with rigid bronchoscopy-mediated debulking was performed. Due to the severity of hypoxemia, cardiothoracic surgery was consulted, and the patient was placed on VV ECMO to support further intervention. The patient was intubated with EFER-DUMON 13 mm rigid bronchoscope. Complete recanalization was achieved using a rigid barrel and forceps with patency of both mainstems and all segmental bronchi. There were no postprocedural complications, and the patient returned to his baseline ventilator settings. DISCUSSION: VV ECMO has been used as an adjunct to preserve safety during high-risk bronchoscopic interventions, primarily in CAO. Acute respiratory decompensation remains a feared complication during these interventions in cases of CAO. Initiating ECMO before these interventions may reduce the incidence of respiratory failure and airway compromise. In a case series, ECMO has been described by Stokes et al. as a supportive measure facilitating such interventions [3]. Further guidelines are required to standardize ECMO initiation as procedural support during airway interventions. CONCLUSIONS: Planned preprocedural ECMO initiation can prevent respiratory emergencies and allow therapeutic high-risk airway interventions. The choices for this patient were stark- either airway recanalization without ECMO bridge with a risk of hypoxic brain injury vs. VV ECMO support and curative airway intervention. In the absence of large-scale data and based on local availability of excellent ECMO support and Interventional Pulmonology, the latter approach was used, leading to successful and safe airway recanalization. Reference #1: Zapol WM, Wilson R, Hales C, Fish D, Castorena G, Hilgenberg A et al.Venovenous bypass with a membrane lung to support bilateral lung lavage. JAMA 1984;251:3269–71. Reference #2: Fung R, Stellios J, Bannon PG, Ananda A, Forrest P. Elective use of venovenous extracorporeal membrane oxygenation and high-flow nasal oxygen for resection of subtotal malignant distal airway obstruction. Anaesth Intensive Care 2017;45:88–91. Reference #3: Stokes JW, Katsis JM, Gannon WD, Rice TW, Lentz RJ, Rickman OB, Avasarala SK, Benson C, Bacchetta M, Maldonado F. Venovenous extracorporeal membrane oxygenation during high-risk airway interventions. Interact Cardiovasc Thorac Surg. 2021 Nov 22;33(6):913-920. doi: 10.1093/icvts/ivab195. PMID: 34293146;PMCID: PMC8632782 DISCLOSURES: No relevant relationships by Vatsal Khanna No relevant relationships by Anurag Mehrotra No relevant relationships by Trishya Reddy No relevant relationships by Bernadette Schmidt
ABSTRACT
SESSION TITLE: Case Reports of Procedure Treatments Posters SESSION TYPE: Case Report Posters PRESENTED ON: 10/19/2022 12:45 pm - 01:45 pm INTRODUCTION: Broncholiths are calcifications in the tracheobronchial tree that are most commonly associated with indolent infections. Disease manifestations range from asymptomatic stones in the airway to major complications such as massive hemoptysis or post-obstructive pneumonias. Depending on severity of the disease, patient management can range from conservative strategies to surgical interventions. We report successful reduction of a large obstructive broncholith in the right middle lobe via Holmium-yttrium aluminum garnet (Ho:YAG) laser lithotripsy. CASE PRESENTATION: Patient is a 55 year old male who presented with on going purulent cough, fever and pleuritic chest pain for 3 months. He had associated weight loss (>10 lbs in 3 months), malaise, increased fatigue, and scant hemoptysis. Initial chest x-ray was evident of right middle lobe consolidation. Respiratory infection panel, COVID PCR, AFB cultures and fungal cultures were negative. Subsequent CT of his chest showed right middle lobe opacities with areas of obstruction with a broncholith. Subsequently, patient underwent rigid bronchoscopy to allow for left sided airway protection via direct tamponade if patient develops massive hemoptysis. A bronchoscopic inspection was performed through the rigid scope that confirmed the broncholith. Obliteration of broncholith was then performed via Ho:YAG. After multiple laser treatments, we noted improvement in the size of the broncholith. Patient admitted to significant improvement in chest pain, hemoptysis and cough since the procedure. DISCUSSION: Broncholithiasis refers to calcified material eroding the tracheobronchial tree and causing inflammation and obstruction. Etiology of broncholiths include calcified peribronchiolar lymph nodes that erode into the airway lumen. Lymph node calcifications in the thorax are associated with lymphadenitis from fungal or mycobacterial infections. Management depends on the size of broncholiths. For larger stones, flexible bronchoscopy is often used to confirm diagnosis. When forceps extraction is not feasible, stone fragmentation with Ho:YAG is generally utilized, but they carry the risk of massive hemoptysis or bronchial injury. Surgical interventions, such as lobectomy or pneumonectomy, are reserved for patients with recurrent pneumonias, bronchiectasis, bronchial stenosis or broncho-esophageal or aorto-tracheal fistulas. In our case, we demonstrate successful reduction of a non-mobile broncholith by protecting the airway using rigid bronchoscopy by interventional pulmonology and subsequently avoiding surgical intervention in a patient with repeated post-obstructive pneumonia. CONCLUSIONS: Management of broncholiths should be individualized for symptomatic patients. A comprehensive assessment with appropriate imaging and involvement of interventional pulmonology can result in successful reduction of the stone and minimizing complications. Reference #1: Dakkak, M., Siddiqi, F., & Cury, J. D. (2015). Broncholithiasis presenting as bronchiectasis and recurrent pneumonias. Case Reports, 2015, bcr2014209035. Reference #2: Krishnan, S., Kniese, C. M., Mankins, M., Heitkamp, D. E., Sheski, F. D., & Kesler, K. A. (2018).Management of broncholithiasis. Journal of thoracic disease, 10(Suppl 28), S3419. Reference #3: Olson, E. J., Utz, J. P., & Prakash, U. B. (1999). Therapeutic bronchoscopy in broncholithiasis. American journal of respiratory and critical care medicine, 160(3), 766-770 DISCLOSURES: No relevant relationships by Jalal Damani No relevant relationships by Joseph Gatuz No relevant relationships by Fereshteh (Angel) Yazdi
ABSTRACT
SESSION TITLE: Invasion of the Pleura SESSION TYPE: Case Reports PRESENTED ON: 10/18/2022 11:15 am - 12:15 pm INTRODUCTION: Schwannoma is a well circumscribed encapsulated solitary neoplasm arising from myelin producing cells of peripheral nerve sheaths. Pleural schwannomas represent only 1-2% of thoracic tumors and rarely present with pleural effusion. To our knowledge only six cases of benign pleural schwannoma have presented with a pleural effusion to date. We present a rare case of a pleural schwannoma with bilateral serosanguinous pleural effusions complicated by necrotizing pneumonia. CASE PRESENTATION: 54 year old smoking male with no past medical history was transferred from an outside hospital after two weeks of worsening acute hypoxemic respiratory failure while being treated for necrotizing pneumonia, right sided loculated pleural effusion, and a right paramediastinal mass. His only presenting symptom was worsening dyspnea for three days. Upon arrival to our hospital, the patient was on maximal ventilator settings with two right sided chest tubes draining blood tinged pleural fluid. CTA of the chest showed a large cavitary consolidation in the right upper lobe with destruction of the lung parenchyma. Additionally, there was an intrapleural heterogenous mass in the posterior aspect of the right lung apex which abut the mediastinum measuring 9.7 x 7.5 x 10.3 cm. He was treated with zosyn for positive sputum cultures growing beta hemolytic strep group F. Patient underwent a flexible bronchoscopy with EBUS-TBNA of mediastinal lymphnodes and lung mass which was non-diagnostic. A CT guided biopsy revealed a spindle cell neoplasm with a Ki-67 of 10-20%. Immunohistochemical analysis demonstrated positive staining of the tumor cells for S-100 protein. The final pathological diagnosis was benign schwannoma. He underwent a tracheostomy and PEG and was sent to a rehab center with outpatient follow-up with cardiothoracic surgery for tumor removal. DISCUSSION: Pleural schwannomas are slow growing, rarely progress to malignancy, and are often located in the posterior mediastinum. Patients are usually asymptomatic but can present with symptoms associated with obstructive pneumonia. It is very rare for a benign pleural schwannoma to present with a pleural effusion. Literature review has revealed only six cases of benign schwannoma presenting with a pleural effusion, all of which were blood stained. Spontaneous tumor hemorrhage or cyst rupture has been a theory of etiology for the effusions. Prognostically, once the pleural schwannomas are surgically resected there is minimal chance of recurrence. CONCLUSIONS: Our case represents a benign pleural schwannoma that caused extrinsic compression on the right upper lobe bronchus leading to a necrotizing pneumonia along with bilateral serosanguinous pleural effusions. A pleural schwannoma should be considered in the differential diagnosis of intrathoracic tumors even when presenting with pleural effusions. Reference #1: Shoaib D, Zahir M, Khan S, et al. Difficulty Breathing or Just a Case of the Nerves? Incidental Finding of Primary Pleural Schwannoma in a Covid-19 Survivor. Cureus. 2021. 13(8): e17511. Reference #2: Bibby A, Daly R, Internullo E, et al. Benign Pleural Schwannoma Presenting with a Large, Blood Stained Pleural Effusion. Thorax. 2018. 73:497-498. Reference #3: Nosrati R, Annissian D, Ramezani F, et al. Benign schwannoma of posterior mediastinum accompanied by blood pleural effusion misdiagnosed as solitary fibrous tumor: A Case report. Casplan J Intern Med. 2019. 10:468-471. DISCLOSURES: No relevant relationships by Brittany Bass No relevant relationships by Oleg Epelbaum No relevant relationships by Theresa Henson No relevant relationships by Yasmin Leigh No relevant relationships by Ester Sherman No relevant relationships by Sally Ziatabar
ABSTRACT
SESSION TITLE: Challenges in Asthma SESSION TYPE: Rapid Fire Case Reports PRESENTED ON: 10/18/2022 10:15 am - 11:10 am INTRODUCTION: Dupilumab is one of the recently developed biological anti-asthma medications which is a human IgG4 monoclonal antibody. Dupliumab inhibits the biological effects of both IL-4 and IL-13. In 2018, Dupilumab was approved for treating moderate to severe asthma with an eosinophilic phenotype or with oral corticosteroid-dependent asthma. Transient, laboratory eosinophilia is a common side effect of Dupilumab, but clinical consequences are hardly ever reported. CASE PRESENTATION: We present a 66-year-old female patient with history of severe persistent asthma with an eosinophil's baseline of 1403 cells/mm3. She was started on Dupilumab a month prior to presenting to our hospital with shortness of breath, facial rash, recurrent fever and fatigue. Upon further investigations, patient was found to have severe peripheral eosinophilia (35%, absolute eosinophil count of 6100 cells/mm3), imaging studies that included CT scan of the chest showed patchy pulmonary consolidations, ground glass opacification and mediastinal lymphadenopathy. Non-invasive infectious work up including COVID-19 was negative. Then, patient underwent fiberoptic bronchoscopy with bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL), transbronchial biopsy, ultrasound guided lymph node fine needle aspiration and endobronchial biopsy (for diffuse endobronchial nodular lesions). Infectious work up from the BAL was negative but the BAL cytology showed eosinophilic alveolitis (31%). Histopathologic examination of the above biopsies showed significant interstitial inflammation with predominant eosinophils. Subsequently, Dupilumab was discontinued, and patient was started on prednisone 60 mg daily with remarkable eosinophils count reduction from a peak of 11,232 to 84 cells/mm3 along with significant improvement in her symptoms. CT chest 8 weeks later showed near complete resolution of pulmonary opacities. DISCUSSION: Dupilumab is an effective treatment for moderate to severe persistent asthma, by lowering rates of asthma exacerbation, as well as better lung function and asthma control. However, it has been reported that dupilumab can rarely cause a state of significant hyper-eosinophilia, which can rarely lead to complications such as eosinophilic pneumonia. Our patient was treated with dupilumab for her severe persistent asthma and after an intensive work up, we reached a diagnosis of severe Dupilumab induced hyper–eosinophilia leading to eosinophilic pneumonia and skin rash. CONCLUSIONS: We believe that this unique report is an important add to the reports in literature as it describes this rare entity in the differential diagnosis. Monitoring serum eosinophils count closely for the first few weeks of treatment with dupilumab should be considered, particularly for patients with unusual high level of eosinophils at baseline, to prevent severe complications. We believe that more studies are needed to better describe dupilumab induced severe hyper–eosinophilia Reference #1: Pelaia, Corrado, et al. "Dupilumab for the treatment of asthma.” Expert opinion on biological therapy 17.12 (2017): 1565-1572 Reference #2: Castro, Mario, et al. "Dupilumab efficacy and safety in moderate-to-severe uncontrolled asthma.” New England Journal of Medicine 378.26 (2018): 2486-2496 Reference #3: Menzella, Francesco, et al. "A case of chronic eosinophilic pneumonia in a patient treated with dupilumab.” Therapeutics and clinical risk management 15 (2019): 869 DISCLOSURES: No relevant relationships by Hamza Alsaid No relevant relationships by Mark Cowan No relevant relationships by Kamel Gharaibeh no disclosure on file for Kathryn Robinett;Consultant relationship with Medtronic Please note: 1 year Added 04/04/2022 by Ashutosh Sachdeva, value=Consulting fee Consultant relationship with Intuitive Inc Please note: Intermittent Added 04/04/2022 by Ashutosh Sachdeva, value=Consulting fee Consultant relationship with MErit Please note: 2 years Added 04/04/2022 by Ashutosh Sa hdeva, value=Consulting fee Scientific Medical Advisor relationship with AMBU Please note: 6 months Added 04/04/2022 by Ashutosh Sachdeva, value=Consulting fee
ABSTRACT
SESSION TITLE: Close Critical Care Calls SESSION TYPE: Case Reports PRESENTED ON: 10/18/2022 11:15 am - 12:15 pm INTRODUCTION: COVID-19 has resulted in many patients presenting in severe hypoxemic respiratory failure without the ability to achieve adequate oxygenation despite non-invasive positive pressure ventilation prior to attempting endotracheal intubation. Recently, the American Academy of Anesthesiology (AAOA) released an updated 2022 guideline addressing difficult airway management. Though evidence is limited, the use of a combination maneuvers with a supraglottic airway and lighted stylet yielded a greater than 75% intubation success rate after failed direct laryngoscopy [1]. The following case emphasizes a novel definitive airway rescue option for an anatomically and physiologically difficult airway, complicated by an inability to ventilate and oxygenate in the setting of severe hypoxemic respiratory failure. CASE PRESENTATION: The patient is a 58 year old, morbidly obese (BMI-58) female with severe COVID-19 pneumonia and severe refractory hypoxemia on Bi-Level non-invasive ventilation (inspiratory pressure 20, expiratory pressure 15, 100% fraction inspired oxygen) complicated by an acute complete opacification of the left hemi-thorax and right pneumothorax with oxygen saturation (SpO2) of 80%. Rapid sequence induction was attempted, however failed despite multiple maneuvers. Due to continued deterioration of the patient's oxygenation, a laryngeal mask airway (LMA) was placed with improvement of the patient's oxygen saturation. A single-use disposable bronchoscope was then placed through the LMA with successful navigation through the vocal cords and direct visualization of the tip within the right main-stem bronchus. Using trauma shears, the handle of the bronchoscope was cut away from the insertion tube. The LMA was then retracted (Fig. 1) and forceps were utilized to maintain position of the insertion tube (Fig. 2) during this maneuver. The video laryngoscope blade was then reinserted into the oropharynx for visualization of the insertion tube coursing through the vocal cords. Using the insertion tube from the single-use bronchoscope as a stylet, intubation was successfully accomplished by inserting a 7.5mm ETT over the insertion tube under direct visualization with the video laryngoscope (Fig. 3). DISCUSSION: Single use bronchoscope devices have been successfully used for planned awake intubations [2] as well as confirmation of endotracheal tube placement [3] after emergent intubation. The novel technique described above can be a useful measure to facilitate intubation under direct visualization in complicated airway scenarios without the need for a surgical airway. CONCLUSIONS: This technique offers a number of advantages to include direct visualization of the airway, navigational capability of bronchoscopy and confirmation of placement with video laryngoscopy. The combination of these techniques can be considered as an alternative prior to pursuing an invasive surgical option. Reference #1: Jeffrey L. Apfelbaum, Carin A. Hagberg, Richard T. Connis, Basem B. Abdelmalak, Madhulika Agarkar, Richard P. Dutton, John E. Fiadjoe, Robert Greif, P. Allan Klock, David Mercier, Sheila N. Myatra, Ellen P. O'Sullivan, William H. Rosenblatt, Massimiliano Sorbello, Avery Tung;2022 American Society of Anesthesiologists Practice Guidelines for Management of the Difficult Airway. Anesthesiology 2022;136:31–81 doi: https://doi.org/10.1097/ALN.0000000000004002 Reference #2: Kristensen MS, Fredensborg BB. The disposable Ambu aScope vs. a conventional flexible videoscope for awake intubation – a randomised study. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand. 2013 Aug;57(7):888-95. doi: 10.1111/aas.12094. Epub 2013 Mar 15. PMID: 23495767 Reference #3: Mitra A, Gave A, Coolahan K, Nguyen T. Confirmation of endotracheal tube placement using disposable fiberoptic bronchoscopy in the emergent setting. World J Emerg Med. 2019;10(4):210-214. doi: 10.5847/wjem.j.1920-8642.2019.04.003. PMID: 31534594;PMCID: PMC6732169 DISCLOSURES: No relevant r lationships by John Levasseur No relevant relationships by Lauren Sattler No relevant relationships by Tyson Sjulin
ABSTRACT
SESSION TITLE: Management of COVID-19-Induced Complications SESSION TYPE: Rapid Fire Case Reports PRESENTED ON: 10/19/2022 12:45 pm - 1:45 pm INTRODUCTION: Rib fractures are an infrequent consequence of severe cough. In some patients, undetected rib fractures can lead to life-threatening outcomes. We bring to light a case of uncontrolled cough associated with COVID-19 infection resulting in multiple rib fractures that were missed in 2 hospital visits and subsequently diagnosed when the patient presented in acute distress and at high risk of decompensation from a hemothorax and a diaphragmatic hernia that required expedited evaluation, ICU admission, and surgical intervention. CASE PRESENTATION: This is a case of a 73 years old male who presented with shortness of breath and worsening dry cough of 4 weeks duration. He was seen in the ED 3 weeks previously for severe right-sided chest pain that was evaluated by a CT chest that did not reveal any acute findings. He was discharged home on pain medications. He had a repeat admission in 2 days and was diagnosed with acute hypoxic respiratory failure secondary to COVID-19 infection. CT abdomen was done for continued right upper quadrant pain which showed an upper abdominal wall hernia. He was discharged with instructions to follow up with outpatient surgery for hernia repair. In the interim, the patient continued to have excessive dry cough, progressively worsening shortness of breath, and bruising over the right abdominal wall and back. He returned to the ED where he was found to be hypoxic, and hypotensive. Imaging studies revealed a large right pleural effusion, fracture of the right sixth rib and seventh rib, and herniation of the hepatic flexure of the colon into the chest. He was subsequently admitted to the cardiothoracic ICU and underwent flexible bronchoscopy, right VATS, evacuation of hemothorax, complete decortication, and repair of diaphragmatic hernia. DISCUSSION: This case is an unusual presentation of an amalgamation of complications resulting from an unrelenting cough that prompted rapid recognition and swift action. Cough-induced complications are rare but can be life-threatening. Various imaging studies can be pursued to avoid a delay in diagnosis. CONCLUSIONS: Persistent cough is a common complication of COVID-19 infection. A clinician should have a high index of suspicion for rib fractures, diaphragmatic hernia, and hemothorax in a patient with persistent or progressive symptoms. Reference #1: Camarillo-Reyes LA, Marquez-Córdova RI, Surani S, Varon J. Hemothorax induced by severe cough: An unusual presentation. SAGE Open Med Case Rep. 2019;7:2050313X19846043. Published 2019 Apr 26. doi:10.1177/2050313X19846043 Reference #2: Daccache A, Haddad J, Ghanem A, Feghali EJ, El Osta B. Cough-induced rib fracture in a smoker: a case report. J Med Case Rep. 2020;14(1):147. Published 2020 Sep 5. doi:10.1186/s13256-020-02497-4 DISCLOSURES: No relevant relationships by Navya Akula No relevant relationships by Sanjana Chetana Shanmukhappa No relevant relationships by Muhammad Ahmed Malik No relevant relationships by Aqsa Malik No relevant relationships by Fahd Shaukat
ABSTRACT
SESSION TITLE: Chest Infections with Pleural Involvement Case Posters SESSION TYPE: Case Report Posters PRESENTED ON: 10/19/2022 12:45 pm - 01:45 pm INTRODUCTION: Foreign body aspiration (FBA) is an uncommon cause of dyspnea and respiratory infection. 80% of cases occur in children under 15-years-old, with the highest mortality in children under 1 and adults over 75. We present an unusual case of a fingernail clipping causing severe empyema in a middle-aged male. CASE PRESENTATION: A 44-year-old male with diabetes mellitus presented with a 3-day history of dyspnea, productive cough, and anorexia, and a 1-day history of fevers and substernal chest pain. Exam was notable for fever, tachypnea, tachycardia, and hypoxemia requiring a non-rebreather mask. Labs were significant for a negative COVID-19 polymerase chain reaction (PCR) test, white blood cell (WBC) count 17,000 μL, and lactate 3.4 mmol/L. He was given albuterol-ipratropium nebulizer treatments and methylprednisolone 125 mg. Chest x-ray revealed a large right-sided air-fluid level, dense consolidation of the lung base, and complicated pleural effusion. Computed Tomography (CT) of the chest revealed a large right mid-lung abscess, right middle lobe (RML) and right lower lobe (RLL) consolidations, and loculated pleural effusion with hydropneumothorax. A surgical chest tube was placed that drained purulent fluid. The effusion grew Klebsiella pneumoniae, which was treated with ampicillin-sulbactam. Repeat CT chest revealed improved loculated effusion, but persistent RML and RLL consolidations with concern for endobronchial obstruction. Flexible bronchoscopy was performed, which identified and removed a human fingernail clipping obstructing the RML. Post-procedure, his oxygen requirements, cough, and dyspnea improved remarkably. He was discharged with a 4-week course of amoxicillin-clavulanate. On outpatient follow-up 6 weeks later, he was asymptomatic. DISCUSSION: In our patient, a fingernail clipping was lodged in the opening of the RML, resulting in a post-obstructive pneumonia complicated by empyema. Post-bronchoscopy, the patient admitted to anxiety-induced nail-biting. FBA most commonly occurs in the right bronchial tree (71.5%) as compared to the left bronchial tree (22.8%) and trachea (5.7%). Objects were most commonly lodged in the bronchus intermedius (27%) and right lower lobe (33%). Foreign bodies can be removed via rigid or flexible bronchoscopy, with a 90% success rate in the latter. Instruments such as forceps and baskets can be used to remove the foreign body, and Trendelenberg positioning can be useful in moving the object proximally. In up to 76% of cases, granulation tissue caused by a localized reaction to the foreign body may occur and can be minimized with systemic steroids for 24 hours. CONCLUSIONS: FBA in a middle-aged patient is an unusual cause of respiratory infection, but should be on the differential diagnosis for post-obstructive pneumonia. Reference #1: Hsu Wc, Sheen Ts, Lin Cd, Tan Ct, Yeh Th, Lee Sy. Clinical experiences of removing foreign bodies in the airway and esophagus with a rigid endoscope: a series of 3217 cases from 1970 to 1996. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2000 Mar;122(3):450-4. doi: 10.1067/mhn.2000.98321. PMID: 10699826. Reference #2: Blanco Ramos M, Botana-Rial M, García-Fontán E, Fernández-Villar A, Gallas Torreira M. Update in the extraction of airway foreign bodies in adults. J Thorac Dis. 2016;8(11):3452-3456. doi:10.21037/jtd.2016.11.32. Reference #3: Fang YF, Hsieh MH, Chung FT, Huang YK, Chen GY, Lin SM, Lin HC, Wang CH, Kuo HP. Flexible bronchoscopy with multiple modalities for foreign body removal in adults. PLoS One. 2015 Mar 13;10(3):e0118993. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0118993. PMID: 25768933;PMCID: PMC4358882. DISCLOSURES: No relevant relationships by Nuzhat Batool No relevant relationships by Lisa Glass No relevant relationships by Alice Mei No relevant relationships by Daisy Young
ABSTRACT
SESSION TITLE: Lung Cancer Case Report Posters 2 SESSION TYPE: Case Report Posters PRESENTED ON: 10/17/2022 12:15 pm - 01:15 pm INTRODUCTION: The outbreak of the SARS-CoV-2 virus identified a need for healthcare systems to transform in order to accommodate the large volume of patients. As a result, innovative new methods to monitor patients have emerged. One type of innovation are remote patient monitoring (RPM) devices, which allow for home vital sign (VS) measurements and telemonitoring. We present a case utilizing this technology to monitor a middle-aged male with metastatic colon cancer to the lung, who required regular debulking therapy as a means of palliation. CASE PRESENTATION: A 59 year-old male with a history of stage IV colon adenocarcinoma with metastasis to the lungs status post lung wedge resection and radiation therapy 7 years previously was found to have an enlarging left lower lobe (LLL) mass. Fiberoptic bronchoscopy revealed resurgence of his metastasis. While undergoing palliative chemotherapy, the patient became increasingly dyspneic. Serial PET CTs showed evolution of his left lung mass with left upper and lower lobe collapse due to endobronchial disease prompting bronchoscopy with argon plasma coagulation (APC) for tumor debulking within the left mainstem bronchus and dilation of the LLL airways. While the patient's symptoms improved, he became dyspneic over several months, and interval CT scans demonstrated invasion of the left mainstem bronchus with complete collapse of the left lung. Repeat dilation and APC were performed with improvement in symptoms. Due to rapid tumor growth, he was enrolled in the continuous RPM (CRPM) program for 24/7 nursing-led telemonitoring. He completed daily questionnaires on a vendor-provided digital tablet, and his VS, composed of heart rate (HR), respiratory rate (RR), SpO2, and temperature, were automatically uploaded to a network using an FDA-approved wearable device. Intermittent readings using peripheral devices to measure blood pressure and spirometry were gathered. His VS mirrored his tumor progression, indicated by elevation in his mean RR and HR while his SpO2 declined necessitating 2L of oxygen. Further evaluation showed tumor invasion into the left mainstem bronchus and began to invade his right mainstem. Successive APC and cryotherapy were performed every 2-3 months with a total of 8 debulking bronchoscopies. Once his disease progressed to obstruct his entire left mainstem, the patient unenrolled from the CRPM program and enrolled in hospice care. DISCUSSION: Several RPM devices have previously been used, but require self-reported VS rather than automated, continuous oximetry. Our CRPM program was piloted as a means to monitor COVID-19 patients following hospital discharge. However, our patient displayed benefit from his 180 day CRPM enrollment while receiving palliative tumor debulking procedures in order to fulfill his wish to maximize time at home. CONCLUSIONS: RPM devices offer a novel method of monitoring patients outside of healthcare facilities. Reference #1: Gordon WJ, Henderson D, DeSharone A, et al. Remote Patient Monitoring Program for Hospital Discharged COVID-19 Patients. Appl Clin Inform. 2020;11(05). doi:10.1055/s-0040-1721039 Reference #2: O'Carroll O, MacCann R, O'Reilly A, et al. Remote monitoring of oxygen saturation in individuals with COVID-19 pneumonia. Eur Respir J. 2020;56(2). doi:10.1183/13993003.01492-2020 Reference #3: Grutters LA, Majoor KI, Mattern ESK, Hardeman JA, van Swol CFP, Vorselaars ADM. Home telemonitoring makes early hospital discharge of COVID-19 patients possible. J Am Med Informatics Assoc. 2020;27(11). doi:10.1093/jamia/ocaa168 DISCLOSURES: No relevant relationships by Kevin Loudermilk Speaker/Speaker's Bureau relationship with Janssen Please note: $1001 - $5000 by Michael Morris, value=Honoraria Speaker/Speaker's Bureau relationship with GSK Please note: $1001 - $5000 by Michael Morris, value=Honoraria Removed 03/29/2022 by Michael Morris No relevant relationships by Michal Sobieszczyk No relevant relations ips by Robert Walter No relevant relationships by Whittney Warren